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GREEN ![]() AND CLEAN POWER French River Land Company's Website!
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French
River Land Company's Home Page!
HYDROELECTRIC SITES: Anasagunticook Lake Dam Replacement- C.Fay & W.Fay Senor Bonifettis' sites in Chile Turners Falls Generator Rewind USEFUL ENGINEERING: Air Admission to Hydro Runners The Banki Water Turbine Mockmoore and Merryfield Bishops Method- STABGM Program Blade Pitting- Boving LTD 1930 Cavitation- Accelerated Research, Allis Chalmers Research Cavitation & Vibration of a Draft Tube Cavitation- Prevention & Reduction, Allis Chalmers Research Causes & Effects of Cavitation in Hydraulic Turbines Chain Turbine by: Nguyen Minh Duy Chain Turbine Mechanics- Discussions with Duy Characteristics of Modern Hydraulic Turbines-Chester Larner Comparative Tests On Experimental Draft Tubes- C M Allen & I A Winter 1923 Design of an Overshot Waterwheel (by Carl Weidner) Design of Small Water Turbines for Farm and Small Communities Design of the runner of a Kaplan turbine for small hydroelectric power plants: Timo Flaspöhler Draft Tubes of Hydro-Electric Stations by M. F. Gubin Ejection into Tailraces of Hydropower Plants: S. M. Slisskii Fall Increaser Herschel Venturi Tube Fall Increaser Moody Ejector Turbine Fall Increaser Hydraulic Jump Apron Feasibility Studies for Small Scale Hydropower Additions, A Guide Manual, US Army CORPS of Engineers Governor Theory for the Plant Operator Graphics of Water Wheels- William Fox Hydraulic Motors- M. Bresse & F. A. Mahan 1869 Hydraulic Turbines- Robert Long Daugherty Hydraulic Turbines by Arnold Pfau Hydraulic Turbines Gelpke & Van Cleve Hydrokinetic Energy in Massachusetts- William D. B. Fay Impulse Turbines by Ely Hutchinson Kaplan Blade Design NACA Air Foil- Report No. 460 Kaplan Blade Design NACA Air Foil- Report No. 628 Kaplan Design Marko Kogovsek.xls A Laboratory Study to Improve the Efficiency of Crossflow Turbines- N. Aziz & V. Desai Meggering Earth Resistance Motors as Generators for Microhydro, Nigel Smith Operation & Maintenance of Hydro-Generators Out Gassing of Cross Flow Turbines Parallel Operation of Turbines Analysis Powerhouse Design- Miniwatt Hydro Rack Design-Chicopee-Olav Hotvedt Rack Design- Hydraulic Institue of Munich Rack Design-Flow Induced Vibrations Selecting Hydraulic Reaction Turbines BUREC Snows Improved Water Wheel Governor Standard for Hydraulic Turbine and Generator Shaft Couplings and Shaft Runout Tolerances Stoplog Structure Design Calculation Stress Analysis of Hydraulic Turbine Parts, BUREC- F.O. Ruud Some Fluid Flow Characteristics of a Cross Flow Type Hydraulic Turbine- Durgin & Fay Tenth Census of the US, 1880, Water Power of the US, Part I- Professor Trowbridge Tenth Census of the US, 1880, Water Power of the US, Part II- Professor Trowbridge Tests on a Kaplan Hydraulic Turbine Theoretical Conditions Related to an Open Channel Flow Linear Turbine- Ishida & Service Theory of Turbines- De Volson Wood Treatise relative to the Testing of Water-Wheels and Machinery, James Emerson 1879 Turbine Water-Wheel Tests- Robert Horton Turgo, A High Speed Impulse Turbine- Paul Wilson Water Hammer-Lorenzo Allievi-Text Water Hammer-Lorenzo Allievi-Figures Water Hammer-ASME Symposium 1933 Waterpower Engineering-Daniel Webster Mead TRADE CATALOUGES: Bradway Turbine (progressive gate) Christiana Machine (register gate) Electric Machinery Company (EM) Head Gate Hoists- S. Morgan Smith J & W Jolly (cylinder gate) Lombard Direct-Connected Oil Pressure Governors Bulletin N0. 113 October 1st, 1912 Lombard Governor Company Type T Instruction Book Lombard Governors for Waterwheels and Steam Engines-1902 Lombard Water Wheel Governors Catalouge 26 Ridgway Perfection Water-Wheel Vertical Shaft Water Wheel Driven Generators- General Electric Westinghouse Small Vertical Waterwheel-Driven A-C Generators, July 1944
Links: Smith Alternative Energy (www.smithtest.com)
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PLANT INSPECTION PAGE Dear Sir: In December, Celeste and I inspected your cross flow turbine, power plant, with indirect supervision by our father. During the course of the inspection, we gathered information pertaining to your general equipment condition and the possible causes of a gradual diminution in power. We believe that multiple loss factors, attributable to equipment aging, combine to decrease your power output. We believe that losses in head and increases in skin friction are the primary culprits. As you know the power output of your plant can be defined electrically, hydraulically and/or mechanically as the product of head times flow or volts times amps or torque times RPM. Hydraulic losses, either in diminution of pressure (head) or flow rate are often inter-related. These losses are a function of inner flow surfaces, skin friction, clearances between moving and stationary parts, maintenance of original blade angles, clogging of nozzle and blade passages by debris and backwater of both headrace and tailrace channels due to siltation and/or collapse of retaining walls. A reduction in static/dynamic head results directly in a reduction of flow through the machine. This double whammy, of both head and flow reductions, causes an exponential decay in the hydraulic power, a product of head times flow. These types of losses may result in excessive turbulence. Mechanical losses, either diminution of rpm or torque are also interrelated. They can be a result of hydraulic losses but there are other factors. Roller and journal bearing deterioration, belt slippage, unintentional contact between rotating and stationary parts (scraping), wear in gears and improper lubrication can rob torque from it’s original value. Again this is interrelated with rpm. The loss in torque causes a loss in mechanical power. Please note that these types of losses usually create heat and accelerate the deteriorative process. Electrical losses, either diminution of volts or amps are also interrelated. They also can be a result of hydraulic and mechanical losses but have distinctive additional losses that accompany them. These losses include deterioration of winding insulation, poor contact between carbon brushes and slip surfaces, poor cooling caused by dirty surfaces and plugged generator screens. Additionally, the instruments used to record the power can lose their accuracy with age. In particular, the kilowatt-hour meter should be calibrated every five years. During the visit we spoke with your maintenance staff and made visual inspections of the equipment. Due to inordinately cold conditions, the head race could not be drained. As a result, important inspections of the runner blades, nozzle surfaces, runner passageways and tailrace tunnel were not made. We were able to externally inspect the guide vane bell cranks and trunion shafts. The larger vane had alignment marks that matched the factory locations. This may indicate that the nozzle vane is properly aligned. The smaller nozzle did not have the marks. Your staff indicated that the gearbox and turbine bearings had never been replaced. A statistical process, with a "B" number, rates roller bearings. It is recommended that bearings be replaced when a B-10 rating is exceeded. This is equivalent to 100,000 hours or 11.2 years. Your bearings are significantly over this statistical threshold. We recommend that we return when conditions allow a thorough dewatering of the site. We need to pull the runner cover and pressure wash, the runner, the internal surface of the runner housing, the nozzle valves and the inside surfaces of the nozzle. This will remove the incrustation of hardened tubercles coating the flow surfaces. We should inspect the tailrace tunnel walls and floor for damage and debris accumulation. We need to perform a differential survey to determine the static and dynamic head losses. We need to record bearing temperature levels, acoustic noise levels and amperage levels. We need to determine system torque levels in the dewatered state and we need to determine nozzle and runner radial and side clearances. We feel that a combination of small upgrades will significantly increase the power levels of your hydro plant. We look forward to working with you and your maintenance staff to restore your system performance. Should you have any questions with regard to this report please do not hesitate to contact us. Sincerely,
Celeste and Will Fay French River Land Company Inc.
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